Water, Sanitation and Africa. What are these?

Water and Sanitation

Water, Sanitation and Africa. What do these three key words about the blog reminds you? Let's first look into one possible combination -- Water and Sanitation. Does this sound more familiar? Every day, we encounter issues and problems about water and sanitation. This can occur when using soap to wash our hands. By making our hands clean, the transmission of diseases can be reduced. WHO has found that using hand soap can reduce stomach-related illnesses by 50% and respiratory illnesses by 33.3%. Or the scenario can be the water we drink. It is a common sense that contaminated water cause health problems. In Flint, Michigan, it is reportedly that the water supply across the city was contaminated by lead (Pulido, 2016). This has already caused development retardation among children. Not only in the United States, but also in London, water and sanitation were a challenge during the cholera outbreak. John Snow discovered the correlation between the contaminated water pumps and the spread of the disease. This spatial correlation founding stresses the significance of a communal water pump when it comes to a case that households do not have individual access to water supply. 

Figure 1. The Thiessen polygons of water pumps, indicating the influential area of each water pumps (Yuan et al, 2020) 

Water and Sanitation in Africa 

Now, adding in "Africa", we turn to see how water and sanitation pose challenges in this continent. The above problems concerning with hand sanitation and contamination present. Problems about hygiene has been a sore for Africa's policymakers. Since the 1960s, illnesses caused by pathogenic microbes rampant. Research found that this can be prevented by improving hygiene behaviour. For example, handwashing with soaps. However, reported by UNICEF in 2020, about 63% of the population, or 258 million people, that live in urban regions in sub-Saharan Africa lack access to handwashing facilities. In urban regions in South Africa, about 47% of the population, or 18 million people, do not have basic handwashing facilities at home. These figures do not tell a strong story about the development of sanitation in Africa. Lacking the infrastructure, even if the hygiene behaviour is presumably improved, the problem is still not solved. 

Stories about water contamination in Africa can be easily found online. A quick search in the engine pops millions of stories alike the Flint case. In Nigeria, a mother found her baby crying when drinking water from a nearby river. Later, she acknowledged that this was because the water was contaminated and caused diarrhea (Global Citizen).  Not only the surface water, but also the ground water in Africa is contaminated heavily. In Gaye and Tindimugaya's research about the groundwater issues and problems, they highlighted that groundwater was under increasing threat of pollution. The pollution comes from all kinds of trendy social activities happening in Africa, such as urbanisation, industrial development, agricultural and mining activities. 

To watch the full story of the Nigeria's mother and how her people rally for clean drinking water. Click here. 

Just a remainder

"Africa is big: fifty-four countries, 900 million people who are too busy starving and dying and warring and emigrating to read your book. The continent is full of deserts, jungles, highlands, savannahs and many other things, but your reader doesn't care about all that, so keep your descriptions romantic and evocative and unparticular." 

This is a quote from Wainaina in his article How to Write About Africa. It is highlighted here as just a remainder that we should not see Africa as a single unity. Rather, it has diverse natural landscapes and homes to thousands of different culture and languages. Thus, it is important to acknowledge that although this blog has a geographical focus on Africa, water and sanitation is a universal problem across the world. Just as shown in the Flint case, water contamination also caused severe problem in Global North. I hope this blog can also inspire my readers to investigate water and sanitation challenges in other continents with an unbiased mind. 

In the next few weeks, we should explore more about the raising challenges in urban regions, about infrastructures and other lens that allow us to truly understand the Water and Sanitation in Africa. Stay tuned!